TWN
Info Service on WTO and Trade Issues (Dec16/07)
21 December 2016
Third
World Network
Global
wage growth at lowest level in four years, says ILO
Published
in SUNS #8379 dated 19 December 2016
Geneva, 16 Dec (Kanaga
Raja) - Global real wage growth has decelerated since 2012, falling from 2.5 per
cent to 1.7 per cent in 2015, its lowest level in four years, the International
Labour Organisation (ILO) has said.
In its latest Global Wage Report
2016/17, the ILO said if China, where wage growth was faster than elsewhere, is
not included, real wage growth has fallen from 1.6 per cent in 2012 to 0.9 per
cent in 2015.
"The United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
identified decent work for all women and men, and lower inequality, as among the
key objectives of a new universal policy agenda. The issues of wage growth and
wage inequality are central to this agenda," said ILO Director-General Guy
Ryder, in a preface to the report.
According to the ILO chief, trends
show that global real wage growth dropped sharply during the post-2008 economic
crisis, recovered in 2010, but has since decelerated.
"As I emphasized
at the World Bank and IMF annual meetings in October 2016, rekindling growth requires
an increase in consumer spending and in turn sustainable wage and social protection
policies. Improving wages and decent work opportunities will be essential to breaking
out of the slow-growth trap in which the global economy currently finds itself,"
he said.
According to the ILO, during most of the post-crisis period
global wage growth was driven to a large degree by relatively strong wage growth
in emerging and developing countries in Asia and the Pacific, most notably in
China, as well as in some other developing countries and regions.
More
recently, this trend has slowed or reversed, the ILO underlined.
"Faster
wage growth in the US and Germany explain an important part of these trends. It
is as yet unclear whether such an encouraging development will be sustained into
the future, as developed countries are faced with growing economic, social and
political uncertainty," said Deborah Greenfield, ILO Deputy Director-General
for Policy, in an ILO news release.
"In an economic context in which
lower demand leads to lower prices (or deflation), falling wages could be the
source of great concern, as it could add further pressure to deflation,"
she added.
According to the report, among emerging and developing G20
countries real wage growth fell from 6.6 per cent in 2012 to 2.5 per cent in 2015.
In terms of regional wage growth, the report found that in 2015 real wage
growth remained at a relatively robust 4.0 per cent in Asia, declined to 3.4 per
cent in Central and Western Asia, and was tentatively estimated at 2.1 per cent
in the Arab States and at 2.0 per cent in Africa.
In 2015, real wages
dropped by 1.3 per cent in Latin America and the Caribbean (mostly due to falling
wages in Brazil), and by 5.2 per cent in Eastern Europe (mostly due to falling
wages in the Russian Federation and Ukraine).
In contrast, said the report,
wage growth increased in the developed countries.
Among developed G20
countries, real wage growth went from 0.2 per cent in 2012 to 1.7 per cent in
2015, the highest rate of the last ten years.
In 2015, real wage growth
rose to 2.2 per cent in the United States, 1.5 per cent in Northern, Southern
and Western Europe, and 1.9 per cent in the countries of the European Union (EU).
Faster wage growth in the United States and Germany explains an important
part of these trends, the ILO said.
"It is as yet unclear whether
such wage growth will be sustained into the future or whether developed countries
will return to their previous pattern of wage stagnation."
In an
economic context in which risks of deflation have increased in many countries,
falling wages could themselves become an important risk factor, potentially leading
to deflationary wage-price spirals, the report cautioned.
Globally, the
recovery in Northern America and some European countries was not sufficient to
offset the decline in emerging and developing economies.
"The lower
differential in wage growth between developed and developing countries also implies
a slowdown in the process of wage convergence between the two groups of countries,"
the ILO said.
According to the report, trends in real wages are influenced
by economic factors such as GDP growth and price inflation, but other factors
also come into play.
There is now a large literature showing that in
a majority of countries across the world wage growth in recent decades has lagged
behind the growth of labour productivity, leading to a fall in the labour share
of GDP.
This is likely due to a combination of factors including globalization,
skills-biased technology, the weakening of labour market institutions, and the
growing pressure from financial markets to shift surpluses generated by large
businesses towards investors.
In this context, the report found that
after some expected counter-cyclical upward movement in the labour share in many
countries during the years 2007-10, the labour share has resumed its long-term
decline in a small majority of countries during 2010-15.
Exceptions include
China, Germany and the United States, but even in these countries the labour shares
remain far below their peak levels.
The report also found that in most
countries wages climb gradually across most of the wage distribution and then
jump sharply for the top 10 per cent and, especially, for the highest-paid 1 per
cent of employees.
In Europe, the highest-paid 10 per cent receive on
average 25.5 per cent of the total wages paid to all employees in their respective
countries, which is almost as much as what the lowest-paid 50 per cent earn (29.1
per cent).
Although the data are not strictly comparable, the share of
the top 10 per cent is even higher in some emerging economies, for example, Brazil
(35 per cent), India (42.7 per cent) and South Africa (49.2 per cent).
In South Africa and India, the lowest-paid 50 per cent receive, respectively,
just 11.9 per cent and 17.1 per cent of all wages paid out.
According
to the report, wages and wage inequality are not determined only by the skills-related
characteristics of individuals (such as level of education, age or tenure) but
that a host of other factors also play crucial roles.
These include,
for example, gender, enterprise size, type of contract and the sectors in which
workers work.
In Europe, for example, women make up on average 50-60
per cent of workers in the three lowest pay deciles; this share falls to about
35 per cent among the best-paid 10 per cent of employees, and further to 20 per
cent among the highest-paid 1 per cent of employees.
In some emerging
and developing countries, the contrast is even greater, said the report.
"Recent literature shows that increasing inequality between enterprises (as
measured by differences in average wages among enterprises) has played an important
part in the increase in US wage inequality between 1981 and 2013, as well as in
the fall in Brazilian wage inequality between 1996 and 2012."
In
the United States, said ILO, the higher inequality between enterprises has been
mainly attributed to growing polarization, with high-skilled workers clustering
in some enterprises and low-skilled workers clustering in others, consistent with
the trend towards restructuring and outsourcing peripheral activities to sub-contractors
or franchisees.
In Brazil, a large share of the decline in inequality
between enterprises has been attributed to a higher minimum wage.
According
to the report, inequality between enterprises tends to be greater in developing
than in developed countries.
While in developed countries the average
wages in the top 10 per cent of enterprises tend to be two to five times as high
as those in the bottom 10 per cent, this ratio goes up to eight in Viet Nam and
even 12 in South Africa.
Norway has a high proportion of enterprises
which pay middle-of-the-range average wages, compared to the United Kingdom, which
has a higher proportion of enterprises with either low or high average wages.
"On average, in 22 European countries, inequality within enterprises
accounts for 42 per cent of total wage inequality, while the rest is due to inequality
between enterprises," said ILO economist Rosalia Vazquez-Alvarez in the ILO
news release.
In Europe in 2010, wage inequality within enterprises accounted
for almost half of total wage inequality.
Ranking enterprises by their
average wages and looking at the minimum and maximum wages they pay, the report
found that in Europe there is considerable wage inequality, particularly within
enterprises that register relatively high average wages.
When comparing
the wages of individuals to the average wage of the enterprises in which they
work, most people (about 80 per cent) are paid less than that average wage, said
the ILO.
At the very low end of the curve, some workers earn wages far
below the average wages of the enterprises in which they work, pointing towards
large inequality within such enterprises as a cause of unduly low pay.
At the very top end of the curve, the top 0.1 per cent of individuals are paid
211 euros per hour, while the enterprises in which they work pay on average 45
euros per hour.
According to the ILO, in the one per cent of enterprises
with the highest average wages, the bottom one per cent of workers are paid on
average 7.1 euros per hour, while the top one per cent are paid on average 844
euros per hour.
"The extent of wage inequality within enterprises
- and its contribution to total wage inequality - is quite large, which indicates
the importance of enterprise-level wage policies in reducing overall inequality,"
said Greenfield.
The report also found that while the overall hourly
gender pay gap for Europe is about 20 per cent, in the top 1 per cent of wage
earners it reaches about 45 per cent.
Among CEOs, who are among the best-paid
1 per cent of wage earners, the gender pay gap is above 50 per cent.
The report recommends some possible country-specific policy measures such as minimum
wages and collective bargaining, self-regulation or more regulation by enterprises
of top salaries to keep wage inequality within socially acceptable bounds, promoting
productivity growth among sustainable enterprises, and addressing unequal wages
between groups of workers, including women and men.
Other measures include
fiscal policies, in the form of taxes and transfers, to address wages and inequality,
and policies that affect wages and wage distribution indirectly such as access
to quality education, ongoing programmes to improve the skills of the workforce,
and better matching between job-seekers and jobs.